by N Wallimanis — Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business ... five chapters did not deal with research methods at all. Strictly speaking, ... is referred to as the 'independent variable', the variable that is affected is ... observes the effects when the conditions are manipulated. ... (Sempik et al., 2002; Morris, 2003).
what independent variable in costello et al. (2003) was not manipulated by the research team
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what independent variable in costello et al.. (2003) was not manipulated by the research team.
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